Biochemical composition and properties of the fruits of the apple tree

Apple fruits contain a high concentration of soluble fiber and polyphenolic compounds. The organic acids in the pulp regulate the acid-base balance of the digestive tract and stimulate the production of gastric juice.
The distribution of micronutrients inside the fruit is uneven: most of the antioxidants are concentrated in the outer layers, while the core accumulates essential oils and glycosides. Heat treatment changes the molecular structure of the fetus, destroying vitamin C molecules, but increasing the bioavailability of carbohydrates.
The concentration of phytonutrients in the peel
The epidermal layer of the apple serves as a barrier against pathogens and ultraviolet radiation, accumulating protective flavonoids. Quercetin contained in the epidermis neutralizes free radicals and reduces microinflammation in blood vessel tissues.
Removing the peel deprives the fruit of half of its biologically active substances. Maintaining the outer protective layer provides the digestive system with access to the following components:
- rutin to strengthen the capillary network;
- ursolic acid, which prevents muscle atrophy;
- chlorogenic acid, which regulates glucose metabolism.
The concentration of vitamins directly depends on the variety and shelf life. Autumn varieties retain flavonoids for five months at a temperature of about 4 degrees Celsius.
The effect of pectin on the gut microbiome
Pectin is a complex polysaccharide that is not digested by the enzymes of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Reaching the colon, the carbohydrate becomes a breeding ground for colonies of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli.
Bacteria ferment soluble fiber to release short-chain fatty acids, including the critically important butyrate. The biochemical process triggers a chain of positive reactions:
- normalization of intestinal motor function;
- binding and removal of heavy metal molecules;
- support of the barrier function of the mucous membrane.
Baking apples destroys the tough cellulose fibers, turning pectin into an easily digestible gel-like mass. Heat treatment reduces the mechanical stress on the pancreas during exacerbations of gastritis.
Amygdalin in seeds and its metabolism
Apple seeds contain cyanogenic glycoside amygdalin, which performs the function of chemical protection of the plant from birds and insects. Upon mechanical destruction of the dense shell of the seed and contact with saliva, the substance decomposes with the release of prussic acid.
The human digestive system easily neutralizes microdoses of cyanide with the help of the enzyme rhodanese. Ingestion of five whole seeds does not harm the body, as the intact cuticle prevents the release of the toxin in the gastric juice.
Apple seed extracts are actively used in cosmetology for the production of regenerating serums. Prices for professional peels with malic acids range from 1,500 to 4,500 rubles, depending on the concentration of active ingredients. Mnoho hráčů dnes hledá způsoby, jak si nastavit rozumné limity, lépe porozumět pravidlům a omezit rizika spojená s gamblingem, aniž by přišli o samotný zážitek ze hry. Pokud vás zajímá, jak si udržet kontrolu nad bankroll managementem a poznat varovné signály problémového hraní, můžete se o tom dozvědět více číst více .